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Le dessalement de l'eau de mer
72% de la surface totale de la terre est recouverte d'eau. 97% de cette eau est salée. Près de 40% de la population mondiale vit à moins de 70 km d'une côte maritime.
Ces chiffres montrent l'intérêt des techniques de dessalement de l'eau de mer pour satisfaire une partie des besoins en eau. Par ailleurs, les usines de dessalement permettent de produire une eau à partir d'une ressource locale (sans avoir à transporter une ressource lointaine).
Deux grandes technologies de dessalement sont utilisées :
le dessalement thermique : en vaporisant l'eau dans des installations de distillation, on la sépare des sels qu'elle contient ;
le dessalement membranaire : il consiste à faire passer l'eau sous pression à travers une membrane qui laisse passer l'eau mais retient non seulement les sels, mais aussi les bactéries et les virus.
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